Is Aging a Disease? A Critical Review Within the Framework of Ageism.

Ageism is a type of discrimination characterized by negative social representations of old age and aging, with prejudices and stereotypes that cause rejection and marginalization of older adults, generally considering them as fragile and unproductive. For this reason, it is recognized as one of the main enemies of healthy aging, especially when it arises from the scientific and professional fields. In this sense, the proposals promoted by some researchers regarding the World Health Organization (WHO) classifying aging as a disease goes against the healthy aging approach. In this sense, we consider that there is no theoretical or scientific support to classify aging as a disease, so we must advocate before the WHO so that aging is eliminated within its disease classification codes. In this framework, this review proposes the concept of "hallmarks of ageism" defined as the characteristics, representations and attitudes of rejection and discrimination towards aging, old age and older people, at the political and institutional, scientific or professional, technological and digital, social, family and personal levels, which are presented in an articulated and structured manner. For this reason, it is essential to comprehensively identify and analyze the "hallmarks of ageism", in order to propose programs that include strategies and public policies that promote "anti-ageism" as a counterproposal to the "hallmarks of aging", whose biological changes related to aging are intended to be comparable to chronic non-communicable diseases.

Effect of Exercise Programs on Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with and without Frailty: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The measurement of physical performance constitutes an indicator of the physical functional capacity of older adults with and without frailty. AIM: To present a synthesis of knowledge on the effect of exercise programs on physical performance in older adults with and without frailty in the community. METHOD: A systematic review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA-2020 criteria. The search for articles was made until 4 May 2023 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO and LILACS. The outcome variable was physical performance, measured through the SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery). The mean difference (MD) was estimated to evaluate the effect. RESULT: We found 2483 studies, of which 12 met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review and 9 for the meta-analysis. The effect of exercise on SPPB scores was significantly higher in the exercise group compared to control in non-frail older adults with MD = 0.51 [95% CI, 0.05 to 0.96, p < 0.05]. Likewise, in older adults with frailty, the effect of exercise on the global SPPB score was significantly higher in the exercise group compared to the control with MD = 0.66 [95% CI, 0.09 to 1.24, p < 0.05]. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that exercise programs are effective in increasing and/or maintaining physical performance in older adults with and without frailty, whose effect is more evident in older adults with frailty, probably due to the greater margin of recovery of intrinsic capacity. This systematic review shows the differentiated effect of exercise training on physical performance in older adults with and without frailty. Scientific evidence reinforces the importance of implementing physical exercise programs in all older adults, including those who are frail. However, it is necessary to specify the types and doses (duration, frequency and intensity), for individualized groups, previously grouped according to the SPPB score.

Confiabilidad de cuestionarios electrónicos para evaluar calidad de vida y actitudes hacia la vejez en mujeres de 40 a 69 años / Reliability of electronic questionnaires to evaluate quality of life and attitudes towards old age in women aged 40 to 69 years

Introducción: el uso de cuestionarios electrónicos se ha convertido en algo común, sin embargo, depende de diversos factores (como la edad y las habilidades digitales), por lo que es necesario determinar la confiabilidad de estos instrumentos para su aplicación. Objetivo: determinar la concordancia y reproducibilidad de los cuestionarios Calidad de vida breve de la OMS (WHOQoL-B) y Actitudes autoevaluadas hacia la vejez (AAV) en formato electrónico para su aplicación vía remota a mujeres de edad madura y adulta mayor. Metodología: se realizó un estudio instrumental con el método test-retest con 35 mujeres (40-69 años). Se transfirieron ambos cuestionarios a un formulario de Google y se enviaron vía WhatsAppen dos ocasiones, con una diferencia mayor a 15 días entre la aplicación. Se calcularon los parámetros de confiabilidad por estabilidad temporal y concordancia estadística. Resultados: el WHOQoL-B obtuvo a y CCI = 0.880 y r = 0.785 en la calificación total; para sus dimensiones a > 0.740 y r > 0.590. La calificación total del AAV mostró a y CCI = 0.708 y r = 0.552 y sus dimensiones a > 0.710 y r de 0.295 a 0.508. Conclusiones: los cuestionarios WHOQoL-B y AAV en formato electrónico pueden ser utilizados para aplicación vía remota, aunque el AAV es menos consistente...(AU)

Abstract Introduction: The electronic tests have been used on a regular basis, although their use depends on several factors such as age and digital ability, therefore it is necessary to determine the confidence of these instruments for their application. Objective: To determine the agreement and reproducibility of the WHO Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQoL-B) and the Self-Assessed Attitudes Towards Old Age (SATO) questionnaires in electronic format for application in middle-aged and older women. Methods: An instrumental study with a test-retest method was carried out with 35 women (40-69 years). Both questionnaires were transferred to a Google form and sent to the women by WhatsApp twice with a difference of more than 15 days between applications. We calculate the confidence by temporal stability and the statistical agreement. Results: For the WHOQoL-B, an a and ICC= 0.880, and r = 0.785 were obtained in the total rating; for their dimensions the result for a was > 0.740, and r > 0.590. The total rating of SATO shows an a and ICC= 0.708, and r = 0.552; for their dimensions, the a was > 0.710, and r from 0.295 to 0.508. Conclusions: The electronic tests WHOQoL and SATO can be used for remote application, although SATO is less consistent.

Efecto del resveratrol sobre las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción: el resveratrol tiene múltiples efectos beneficiosos en diferentes sistemas del organismo, incluido el nervioso central, sin embargo, los resultados reportados sobre el efecto en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores son inconsistentes. Por lo anterior, el propósito de esta revisión sistemática es presentar una síntesis del conocimiento sobre los efectos del resveratrol en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. Método: se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática acorde con los criterios de PRISMA-2009. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó hasta el 7 de septiembre de 2021 en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO y TESIUNAM. Las variables de desenlace fueron memoria diferida, inmediata y de trabajo y velocidad del procesamiento. Se estimó la diferencia de medias estandarizadas (DME) para evaluar el efecto. Resultados: se encontraron 1.065 estudios, de los cuales seis cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad para la revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. No se encontró un efecto significativo en la memoria diferida (DME = 0,69, IC 95 %: 0,85-2,23, p = 0,38), memoria inmediata (DME = 0,56, IC 95 %: -0,20-1,31, p = 0,15), memoria de trabajo (DME = -0,21, IC 95 %: -0,74-0,32, p = 0,43) y velocidad de procesamiento (DME = 0,25, IC 95 %: -0,58-1,07, p = 0,55). Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren que el resveratrol no tiene un efecto sobre las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. No obstante, es necesario realizar más estudios con diferentes dosis, tipos de formulación del nutracéutico y tiempo de tratamiento. (AU)

Introduction: resveratrol has multiple beneficial effects on different body systems, including the central nervous system, however, the results reported on the effect on cognitive functions in older adults are inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to present a synthesis of knowledge about the effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults. Method: a systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA-2009 criteria. The search for articles was carried out until September 7, 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO, and TESIUNAM. The outcome variables were delayed, immediate, and working memory, and processing speed. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated to assess the effect. Results: one thousand sixty-five studies were found, of which six met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. No significant effect was found on delayed memory (SMD = 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.85-2.23, p = 0.38), immediate memory (SMD = 0.56, 95 % CI: -0.20-1.31, p = 0.15), working memory (SMD = -0.21, 95 % CI: -0.74-0.32, p = 0.43) and processing speed (SMD = 0.25, 95 % CI: -0.58-1.07, p = 0.55). Conclusion: our results suggest that resveratrol does not have an effect on cognitive functions in older adults, however, it is necessary to carry out more studies with different doses, type of nutraceutic. (AU)

The Supplementation of Sechium edule var. nigrum spinosum (Chayote) Promotes Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Protection in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome.

The aim was to determine the effect of Sechium edule var. nigrum spinosum (chayote) on gene expression related to antioxidant protection mechanisms and the inflammatory process in older adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). A quasi-experimental study was carried out in a convenience sample of 46 older adults diagnosed with MetS: (i) placebo group (PG; n = 20); (ii) experimental group (EG; n = 26). The clinical, biochemical, anthropometric parameters and SOD, GPx, and CAT enzyme activity, alongside total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), and mRNA expression of SOD, GPx, CAT, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, Nrf2, NFkB p50, and NFkB p65, were measured at baseline and 6 months post-intervention. A statistically significant decrease was observed in TOS (baseline, 28.9 ± 3.6 vs. post, 23.7 ± 3.4, p < 0.01) and OSI (baseline, 24.1 ± 3.8 vs. post, 17.7 ± 4), as well as an increase in IL-6 (baseline, 10.7 ± 1.1 vs. post, 12.3 ± 2, p = 0.03), SOD activity (baseline, 167.1 ± 11.9 vs. post, 180.6 ± 7.6, p < 0.05), CAT activity (baseline, 1.0 ± 0.2 vs. post, 1.3 ± 0.2, p < 0.01), and TAS (baseline, 1.1 ± 0.1 vs. post, 1.4 ± 0.1, p < 0.01) in the EG compared to the PG. Regarding the expression of Nrf2, SOD, and IL-6, the EG showed a significant increase vs. basal levels (47%, 44%, and 43%, respectively). Our findings suggest that Sechium edule supplementation promotes the antioxidant response and decreases oxidative stress via Nrf2.

[Effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. / Efecto del resveratrol sobre las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis.

Introduction: Introduction: resveratrol has multiple beneficial effects on different body systems, including the central nervous system, however, the results reported on the effect on cognitive functions in older adults are inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to present a synthesis of knowledge about the effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults. Method: a systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA-2009 criteria. The search for articles was carried out until September 7, 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO, and TESIUNAM. The outcome variables were delayed, immediate, and working memory, and processing speed. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated to assess the effect. Results: one thousand sixty-five studies were found, of which six met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. No significant effect was found on delayed memory (SMD = 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.85-2.23, p = 0.38), immediate memory (SMD = 0.56, 95 % CI: -0.20-1.31, p = 0.15), working memory (SMD = -0.21, 95 % CI: -0.74-0.32, p = 0.43) and processing speed (SMD = 0.25, 95 % CI: -0.58-1.07, p = 0.55). Conclusion: our results suggest that resveratrol does not have an effect on cognitive functions in older adults, however, it is necessary to carry out more studies with different doses, type of nutraceutical formulation and treatment time.

Introducción: Introducción: el resveratrol tiene múltiples efectos beneficiosos en diferentes sistemas del organismo, incluido el nervioso central, sin embargo, los resultados reportados sobre el efecto en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores son inconsistentes. Por lo anterior, el propósito de esta revisión sistemática es presentar una síntesis del conocimiento sobre los efectos del resveratrol en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. Método: se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática acorde con los criterios de PRISMA-2009. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó hasta el 7 de septiembre de 2021 en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO y TESIUNAM. Las variables de desenlace fueron memoria diferida, inmediata y de trabajo y velocidad del procesamiento. Se estimó la diferencia de medias estandarizadas (DME) para evaluar el efecto. Resultados: se encontraron 1.065 estudios, de los cuales seis cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad para la revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. No se encontró un efecto significativo en la memoria diferida (DME = 0,69, IC 95 %: 0,85-2,23, p = 0,38), memoria inmediata (DME = 0,56, IC 95 %: -0,20-1,31, p = 0,15), memoria de trabajo (DME = -0,21, IC 95 %: -0,74-0,32, p = 0,43) y velocidad de procesamiento (DME = 0,25, IC 95 %: -0,58-1,07, p = 0,55). Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren que el resveratrol no tiene un efecto sobre las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. No obstante, es necesario realizar más estudios con diferentes dosis, tipos de formulación del nutracéutico y tiempo de tratamiento.

Advanced Activities of Daily Living in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS 2018).

BACKGROUND: The advanced activities of daily living (AADLs) in old age is a key indicator of the mobility domain for the intrinsic capacity of older adults living in the community; for this reason, it is relevant to know the prevalence and risk factors related to performing fewer AADLs in different populations. AIM: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the ability to perform AADLs in older adults reported in the Mexican Study of Health and Aging (MSHA 2018). METHODS: A secondary cross-sectional analysis of the MSHA 2018 data was carried out, including a convenience sample of 6474 subjects ≥ 60 years of age, for both sexes, without cognitive deficits. Nine questions related to AADLs were selected from the database. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with <3 AADLs, including sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health status factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of the ability to perform <3 AADLs was 63%. Age is the most important risk factor for <3 AADLs, which increases by the decade, followed by sedentary lifestyle (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.91-2.42, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that age, schooling, urban residence, sedentary lifestyle, and comorbidity are the main risk factors for <3 AADLs in older Mexican adults.

Effects of green tea polyphenols against metal-induced genotoxic damage: underlying mechanistic pathways.

This review is based upon evidence from the published effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on genotoxic damage induced by metals with carcinogenic potential. First, the relationship between GTP and antioxidant defense system is provided. Subsequently, the processes involved in the oxidative stress generated by metals and their relationship to oxidative DNA damage is examined. The review demonstrated that GTP generally decrease oxidative DNA damage induced by exposure to metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb). The pathways involved in these effects are related to: (1) direct scavenging of free radicals (FR); (2) activation of mechanisms to repair oxidative DNA damage; (3) regulation of the endogenous antioxidant system; and (4) elimination of cells with genetic damage via apoptosis. The results obtained in the studies reviewed demonstrate potential for possible use of GTP to prevent and treat oxidative damage in populations exposed to metals. Further, GTP may be considered as adjuvants to treatments for metal-associated diseases related to oxidative stress and DNA damage.

Detection of Insomnia and Its Relationship with Cognitive Impairment, Depression, and Quality of Life in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans.

Sleep disturbances are one of the most frequent health problems in old age, among which insomnia stands out. It is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, frequent awakenings, or waking up too early and not having restful sleep, which may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment and depression, affecting functionality and quality of life. Insomnia is a very complex multifactorial problem that requires a multi- and interdisciplinary approach. However, it is frequently not diagnosed in older community-dwelling people, increasing the risk of psychological, cognitive, and quality of life alterations. The aim was to detect insomnia and its relationship with cognitive impairment, depression, and quality of life in older community-dwelling Mexicans. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 107 older adults from Mexico City. The following screening instruments were applied: Athens Insomnia Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire WHOQoL-Bref, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory. The frequency of insomnia detected was 57% and its relationship with cognitive impairment, depression, and low quality of life was 31% (OR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1-6.6. p < 0.05), 41% (OR = 7.3, 95% CI, 2.3-22.9, p < 0.001), and 59% (OR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1-5.4, p < 0.05), respectively. Our findings suggest that insomnia is a frequent clinical disorder that is not diagnosed and a significant risk factor for cognitive decline, depression, and poor quality of life.

The consumption of Sechium edule (chayote) has antioxidant effect and prevents telomere attrition in older adults with metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of the consumption of Sechium edule (1.5 g/day) for six months on oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation markers and its association with telomere length (TL) in older adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: The study was conducted in a sample of 48 older adults: placebo (EP) and experimental (EG) groups. Lipoperoxides, protein carbonylation, 8-OHdG, total oxidant status (TOS), SOD, GPx, H2O2 inhibition, total antioxidant status (TAS), inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL10, TNF-α), and TL were measured before and six months post-treatment. RESULTS: We found a significant decrease in the levels of lipoperoxides, protein carbonylation, 8-OHdG, TOS in the EG in comparison PG. Likewise, a significante increase of TAS, IL-6, and IL-10 levels was found at six months post-treatment in EG in comparison with PG. TL showed a statistically significant decrease in PG compared to post-treatment EG. CONCLUSIONS: Our findigns showed that the supplementation of Sechium edule has antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, and diminushion of shortening of telomeric DNA in older adults with MetS. This would be the first study that shows that the intervention with Sechium edule has a possible geroprotective effect by preventing telomeres from shortening as usually happens in these patients. Therefore, suggesting a protection of telomeric DNA and genomic DNA.

Effect of Resveratrol on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Sirtuin 1 in Elderly Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects a large part of the adult population and impairs its quality of life. Because of this, natural compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties have been used as adjuvants. Among these compounds, resveratrol (RV) stands out, a polyphenol that has been studied in several clinical trials, the results of which are controversial. We conducted a randomized clinical trial on 97 older adults with T2D to evaluate the effect of RV on oxidative stress markers and sirtuin 1, using doses of 1000 mg/day (EG1000, n = 37) and 500 mg/day (EG500, n = 32) compared with a placebo (PG, n = 28). Biochemical markers, oxidative stress and sirtuin 1 levels were measured at baseline and after six months. We observed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity, antioxidant gap, the percentage of subjects without oxidant stress and sirtuin 1 levels in EG1000. In the PG, we observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in lipoperoxides, isoprostanes and C-reactive protein levels. An increase in the oxidative stress score and in the percentage of subjects with mild and moderate oxidative stress was observed too. Our findings suggest that 1000 mg/day of RV exerts a more efficient antioxidant effect than 500 mg/day.

Aging, Physical Exercise, Telomeres, and Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review.

Human aging is a gradual and adaptive process characterized by a decrease in the homeostatic response, leading to biochemical and molecular changes that are driven by hallmarks of aging, such as oxidative stress (OxS), chronic inflammation, and telomere shortening. One of the diseases associated with the hallmarks of aging, which has a great impact on functionality and quality of life, is sarcopenia. However, the relationship between telomere length, sarcopenia, and age-related mortality has not been extensively studied. Moderate physical exercise has been shown to have a positive effect on sarcopenia, decreasing OxS and inflammation, and inducing protective effects on telomeric DNA. This results in decreased DNA strand breaks, reduced OxS and IA, and activation of repair pathways. Higher levels of physical activity are associated with an apparent increase in telomere length. This review aims to present the current state of the art of knowledge on the effect of physical exercise on telomeric maintenance and activation of repair mechanisms in sarcopenia.

Influence of Age and Dose on the Effect of Resveratrol for Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Several clinical trials have suggested that resveratrol has hypoglycemic properties; however, there are other studies in which such an effect has not been observed. Methods: We carried out a systematic search in several databases; seventeen studies were selected for the systematic review and fifteen were included in the meta-analysis. Results: Resveratrol decreases glucose levels in subjects aged 45−59 years at doses <250 mg/day (−8.64 mg/dL, p < 0.00001), 250−500 mg/day (−22.24 mg/dL, p = 0.0003), and 500−1000 mg/day (−28.40 mg/dL, p = 0.0008), while in subjects older than 60 years, it only decreases with doses of 250−500 mg/day. Likewise, HbA1c improved in subjects aged 45−59 years with doses of 250−500 mg (−0.60%, p < 0.00001), but not in subjects older than 60 years. Insulin levels improved in subjects aged 45−59 years with doses < 250 mg/day (−0.80 mIU/L, p = 0.0003) and doses of 250−500 mg/day (−5.0 mIU/L, p = 0.0003), although in subjects older than 60 years, they only improved with doses of 250−500 mg/day (−1.79 mIU/L, p = 0.01). On the other hand, HOMA-IR only improved in subjects older than 60 years with doses of 250−500 mg/day (−0.40, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Resveratrol has a statistically significant dose−response effect on glucose concentrations, HbA1c, and insulin levels; however, there is not enough scientific evidence to propose a therapeutic dose.

Protective Effect of Resveratrol against Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Genotoxic Damage in Hsd:ICR Male Mice.

The aim of this study is to examine the ability of resveratrol to counteract hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-induced genetic damage, as well as the possible pathways associated with this protection. Hsd:ICR male mice are divided into groups of the following five individuals each: (a) control 1, distilled water; (b) control 2, ethanol 30%; (c) resveratrol, 50 mg/kg by gavage; (d) CrO3, 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally; (e) resveratrol + CrO3, resveratrol administered 4 h prior to CrO3. The assessment is performed on peripheral blood. Micronuclei (MN) kinetics are measured from 0 to 72 h, while 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adduct repair levels, endogenous antioxidant system biomarkers, and apoptosis frequency were quantified after 48 h. Resveratrol reduces the frequency of Cr(VI)-induced MN and shows significant effects on the 8-OHdG adduct levels, suggesting that cell repair could be enhanced by this polyphenol. Concomitant administration of resveratrol and Cr(VI) results in a return of the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase to control levels, accompanied by modifications of superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels. Thus, antioxidant properties might play an important role in resveratrol-mediated inhibition of Cr(VI)-induced oxidant genotoxicity. The increase in apoptotic cells and the decrease in necrosis further confirmed that resveratrol effectively blocks the actions of Cr(VI).

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Consumption of Powdered Concentrate of Sechium edule var. nigrum spinosum in Mexican Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has a high prevalence in older adults and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and complications of old age. It has also been related to oxidative stress (OxS) and chronic inflammation (CI) and their consequent alterations. Therefore, it is important to propose therapeutic alternatives such as the consumption of Sechium edule (Chayote), since hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and lipogenesis inhibitor properties are attributed to it. We carried out a study in 81 older adults (OA) with MetS to determine the effect of consumption of chayote powder concentrate (500 mg, three times a day) for six months, with a baseline measurement, at three and six months in an experimental group (EG) (n = 41) and a placebo group (PG) (n = 40), all with a diagnosis of MetS according to the criteria of National Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Program III (NCEP/ATP III). Anthropometric, biochemical, OxS markers, and inflammation measurements were performed on all participants, basal, three, and six months after. A statistically significant decrease was found in the concentration of lipoperoxides (TBARS), 8-isoprostanes, 8-OHdG, oxidative stress score (OSS), HbA1c, blood pressure, and in the number of MetS diagnostic criteria, as well as an increase in total antioxidant status (TAS), antioxidant gap (GAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and HDL-cholesterol in EG. The results suggest that the consumption of Sechium edule powder has a hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effect in OA with MetS and reduced the percentage of patients with MetS.

Relationship between Self-Perception of Aging and Quality of Life in the Different Stages of Reproductive Aging in Mexican Women.

Biological aging has an abrupt beginning in women, changing their body and perceptions, which are not accepted easily because the actual stereotypes are focused on youth and anti-aging. Our interest was to explore what the self-perception of aging (SPA) is in middle-aged women throughout the reproductive aging stages and their association with the quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 240 women (40−69 years) living in Mexico City, who were separated according to their reproductive aging stage. An electronic version of the Spanish version of the Self-rated Attitudes Towards Old Age (SATO) and the WHO Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQoL) was applied to these women and was sent by WhatsApp or email. Seventeen women of the total sample (7%) had a negative self-perception of aging. There is an association between SATO and WHOQoL (r = −0.273, p < 0.0001), but in the menopausal transition stage, the association is strong in the psychological subscale, and after menopause, early and late postmenopausal women show a better association in the social subscale. Negative SPA impacts the WHOQoL psychological dimension and not the total WHOQoL score. Our findings suggest an association between SPA and quality of life in different reproductive aging stages.

Effect of a Community Gerontology Program on the Control of Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Older Adults.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is highly prevalent in older adults; it constitutes a risk factor for cognitive deterioration, frailty, and Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, the WHO has pointed out the importance of the implementation of community programs for the training of healthy aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a community gerontology program framed in active aging on the control of metabolic syndrome in older adults. Methods: An experimental study was carried out in a convenience sample of 80 older adults diagnosed with MS according to the ATPIII criteria, comprising (1) experimental group (EG), n = 40; (2) control group (CG), n = 40. During a 6-month period, the EG participated in a supervised community gerontology program, and the CG was assessed monthly. Results: A statistically significant decrease was observed in the number of components for the diagnosis of MS. In this regard, of the total of participants with a diagnosis of MS in EG, only 28% maintained the diagnosis of MS (ATPIII ≥ 3 criteria), in contrast to 83% of the CG participants (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that health self-care training within the framework of active aging is effective for the control of MS in older adults.

Effect of Chronic Moderate Caloric Restriction on the Reproductive Function in Aged Male Wistar Rats.

Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to be an effective nutritional intervention for increasing longevity in some animal species. The objective of this study was to evaluate CR's effects on metabolic and reproductive parameters in 12-month-old male Wistar rats. The rats were distributed in three groups: control, CR at 15%, and CR at 35% for 6 (up to 18 months of age) and 12 months (up to 24 months of age). At the end of CR treatment, we evaluated reproductive (male sexual behavior (MSB), sperm quality) and biochemical parameters (plasma glucose, glucose-regulating hormone, and sex steroid levels), and quantified annexin V in the seminiferous epithelium. Results showed that MSB and sperm quality were improved after 6 months of CR associated with increases in plasma testosterone and decrease annexin V in the seminiferous epithelium of the testicles compared to their control group. The metabolic profile of the CR rats also improved compared to controls. However, these effects of CR on reproductive parameters were not maintained after 12 months of CR. Findings suggest that beginning CR at the age of maturity reestablishes the behavioral sexual response and reproductive function in older animals after 6 months of CR and improves endocrine functioning during aging.

Oxidative Stress Risk Is Increased with a Sedentary Lifestyle during Aging in Mexican Women.

Oxidative stress (OS) increases during the human aging process, and the sedentary lifestyle could be a prooxidant factor. In this study, we determine the effect of sedentary lifestyle on OS during the aging process in Mexican women. A longitudinal study of two-year follow-up was carried out with 177 community-dwelling women (40-69 y) from Mexico City. We measured as OS markers plasma malondialdehyde, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), total plasma antioxidant status, uric acid level, antioxidant gap, and SOD/GPx ratio. To define OS using all the markers, we defined cut-off values of each parameter based on the 90th percentile of young healthy subjects and, we calculated a stress score (SS) ranging from 0 to 7, which represented the intensity of the marker modifications. All the women answered a structured questionnaire about prooxidant factors, including physical activity specially the type of activity, frequency, and duration, and they answered Spanish versions of self-assessment tests for establishing dysthymia and insomnia as potential confounders. Principal component and Poisson regression analysis were used as statistical tools, being two-year OS the primary outcome. The OS was considerate as SS ≥ 4 and sedentary lifestyle as <30 min/day of physical activity, beside several prooxidant factors and age that were covariables. SS is higher in sedentary lifestyle women after the two-year follow-up; although, the difference was statistically significant only in older women. Four principal components were associated with the OS, and 7 out of 8 prooxidant factors were important for the analysis, which were included in the Poisson model. The predictive factors for OS were the sedentary lifestyle (adjusted PR = 2.37, CI95%: 1.30-4.30, p < 0.01), and age, in which the risk increases 1.06 (CI95%:1.02-2.11, p < 0.01) by each year of age. Our findings suggest that a sedentary lifestyle increases the OS during the aging in Mexican women.

Relationship between Arterial Hypertension with Cognitive Performance in Elderly. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous systematic reviews report that arterial hypertension (AHT) is associated with lower performance in cognition in the elderly. However, some studies show that with higher blood pressure, a better cognitive performance is obtained. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between AHT with cognitive performance in the elderly. METHODS: the review involved a search on PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO databases from January 1990 to March, 2020 to identify the relationship among AHT and cognitive performance in older people. RESULTS: 1170 articles were identified, 136 complete papers were reviewed, a qualitative analysis of 26 studies and a quantitative analysis of eight studies were carried out. It was found that people with AHT have a lower performance in processing speed SMD = 0.40 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.54), working memory SMD = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.41) in short-term memory and learning SMD = -0.27 (95% CI: -0.37, -0.17) and delayed recall SMD = -0.20 (95% CI: -0.35, -0.05). Only one study found that higher blood pressure was associated with better memory performance. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that high blood pressure primarily affects processing speed, working memory, short-term memory and learning and delayed recall.